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Linux PPP HOWTO
Al Longyear, longyear@netcom.com
November 21, 1994.
This document contains a list the most Frequently Asked Questions
(FAQ) about PPP for Linux (and their answers). It is really not a
HOWTO, but is in `classical' Question / Answer form. This is but one
of the Linux HOWTO/FAQ documents. You can get the HOWTO's from sun-
site.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/doc/HOWTO (this is the ``official'' place) or
via WWW from the Linux Documentation home page
(http://sunsite.unc.edu/mdw/linux.hmtl). You cannot rely on the
HOWTO's being posted to comp.os.linux.announce, as some newsfeeds have
complained about their size.
1. Preface
Please send any corrections to longyear@netcom.com.
Throughout this document, I have used the word ``remote'' to mean
``the system at the other end of the modem link''. It is also called
``peer'' in the PPP documentation. Another name for this is called
the ``gateway'' when the term is use for routing. Its IP address will
show as the ``P-t-P'' address if you use ifconfig.
Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Morning
Star is a registered trademark of Morning Star Technologies
Incorporated. All other products mentioned are trademarks of their
respective companies.
2. Questions and Answers
2.1. Q: What is PPP?
A: PPP, or Point-to-Point Protocol, is a recognized `official'
internet protocol. It is a protocol used to exchange IP frames (and
others) over a serial link. The current RFC for PPP is 1661. There
are many related ones.
Contrary to what some people think, it does not mean "Peer to Peer
Processing"; although you may do peer-peer communications using TCP/IP
over a PPP link.
2.2. Q: My university (company) does not support PPP. Can I use PPP?
A: In general, no. A `classical' PPP implementation requires that you
make changes to the routes and network devices supported by the
operating system. This may mean that you will have to rebuild the
kernel for the remote computer.
This is not a job for a general user. If you can convince your
administration people that PPP is a `good thing' then you stand a
chance of getting it implemented. If you can't, then you probably
can't use PPP.
However, if you are using a system which is supported by the people
who are marketing the "TIA" (The Internet Adapter) package, then there
is hope. I do not have much information on this package, however,
from what I have found, they plan to support PPP in "the next
version". (My information may be old. Contact them directly.
Information on TIA is available at ftp.marketplace.com in the /pub/tia
directory.)
A Linux port is on their list.
If your system is not supported by TIA and you can't convince the
admin group to support PPP then you should use the `term' package.
Some service providers will object to you running `term'. They have
many different reasons, however the most common is `security
concerns'.
2.3. Q: Where is PPP?
A: It is in two parts. The first part is in the kernel. In the
kernels from 1.1.13, the driver is part of the network system drivers.
Do not replace the driver in the kernel with a version from the pppd
package!!!
The second part is the `daemon' process, pppd. This is a required
process. The source to it is in the file ppp-2.1.2b.tar.gz located on
sunsite.unc.edu in the /pub/Linux/system/Networking/serial directory.
It should also be somewhere on ftp.funet.fi.
For kernels before 1.1.13, the necessary driver is included in the
daemon code.
2.4. Q: I just obtained PPP. What do I do with it?
A: Read The Fine Material available.
Start by reading the README file and then the README.linux file. The
documentation sources are listed below.
2.5. (Where's the documentation? Is there a HOWTO?, etc.) Q: Where
are additional sources of information for PPP?
A: There are several sources of information for the PPP protocol as
implemented under Linux.
o The README file in the source package.
o The README.linux file in the source package.
o The Net-2-HOWTO document.
o The Network Administration Guide.
o The pppd man page.
o The ppp FAQ document. (This is not it, by the way.)
The HOWTO file is stored in the usual place for the Linux HOWTOs.
That is currently on sunsite.unc.edu in the directory
/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO.
The Network Administration Guide is available in the docs/linux-doc-
project/nag directory on sunsite. It is published by O'Riellly and
Associates. So, if you want a really professional document, then buy
a copy from your local bookstore.
The `man' pages are included in the source package. You will probably
have to move them to the normal man directory, /usr/man/man8 before
the man command may find them. Alternately, you may use nroff and
more to view them directly.
The PPP faq document describes the PPP protocol itself and the various
implementations. You will find the FAQ for the usenet news group,
comp.protocols.ppp, archived on rtfm.mit.edu in the /usenet directory.
It is in eight parts at the present time.
2.6. Q: Where should I post questions about PPP?
A: I would prefer that you post them to the comp.protocols.ppp group.
That is its purpose. I recognize that most people tend to post things
to the comp.os.linux.* groups first. You will usually get a response
even if you use these wrong groups. However, it is better that you do
ask in the proper group.
Very few questions are related directly to the Linux port. Most of
the questions are general use of the ppp package and are exactly
applicable to the remainder of the pppd users.
Please, if you must use usenet for PPP questions, use
comp.protocols.ppp.
2.7. HELP!!! Q: The PPP software doesn't work. It terminates after
the call.
A: This is one of the most sickening questions. I realize that this is
a plea for help. However, it is practically useless to post this
message with no other information. I, and most others, will only
ignore it.
What is needed is the output of the system log (syslog) when you run
the pppd program with the option `debug'. In addition, if you are
using chat then please use the `-v' option to run the sequence with
verbose output.
Please include the output from the kernel's startup. This shows the
various kernel hardware information such as your UART type, PPP
version, etc.
Please include all information that you can relating to the problem.
However your system configuration, disk drive configuration, terminal
type, mouse location and button status, etc. are irrelevant. What is
important is the system to which your are trying to contact, the ppp
(or terminal server) that they are using, the modem types and speed
that you are using, etc.
Take care and go through the output. Remove the references to the
telephone number, your account name, and the password. They are not
important to analyzing the problem and would pose a security risk to
you if you published them to usenet. Also discard the lines which
neither come from the kernel nor pppd.
Do NOT run the pppd program with the option `kdebug 7' and post that!
If the problem warrants examining the data stream, then you will be
contacted by email and asked to mail the trace. Usenet already costs
too much for too many people.
Information is written to various levels. The debug information is
written to the debug level. The informational messages are written to
the info level. The errors are written to the error level. Please
include all levels the the ``local2'' group which come from the pppd
process.
In addition, please do not delete the timestamp information. It is
important.
2.8. would like one for HP-UX, or AIX, or ... (you fill in the blank)
? Q: Do you know of a implementation for PPP other than Linux? I
A: Check the PPP FAQ document mentioned above.
AIX is due to be supported in the 2.2 version of the pppd process.
HP-UX is, to my knowledge, only supported by the Morning Star
commerical package.
If you don't find one listed then post to the comp.protocols.ppp group
and not the Linux group.
(Please don't mail me asking for "Do you know of a PPP package for
..."? These requests will now be `appropriately' filed. ;-) )
2.9. Q: Did you know that there is another package called `dp'?
A: Yes, we know. The dp package was considered very early in the
development stage quite a few months back. It is nice. It supports
'demand dial'. It also only works with systems which support streams.
This is primarily the SunOS (Solaris) operating systems.
Linux, at the present time, does not supports streams.
There are several other packages for PPP available on the `net'. The
`portable ppp' package is very much like the TIA code. There is
another package called simply `ppp'. There is code for PPP in the KA9Q
package.
Of all of the packages available, the pppd package was the closest to
the requirements and functions of Linux to warrant the port.
(If you want more information about these other packages, ask in the
comp.protocols.ppp group!)
2.10. Q: What RFCs describe the PPP protocol as implemented for
Linux?
A: The current implementation of PPP is a mixture of several. The
major portion of the PPP code is written against the RFCs 1331 and
1332. These RFCs were later obsoleted. 1331 was replaced by 1548 and
that, in turn, was obsoleted by 1661 six months later.
Most implementations of PPP will be happy to talk to the Linux PPP
code.
A complete list is in the PPP faq.
[to quote the FAQ document]:
All of 1134, 1171, and 1172 (and 1055, for that matter :-)
have been obsoleted. They're interesting only if you want
to debug a connection with an ancient PPP implementation,
and you're wondering why (e.g.) it asked you for IPCP
option 2 with a length of only 4, and Compression-Type
0x0037.
(There's a lot of that still running around - be careful out there.)
Linux PPP will not support this.
2.11. Q: Can PPP talk to a SLIP interface? Can I use SLIP with PPP?
A: No. SLIP works with SLIP. PPP works with PPP.
Some vendors may offer products which work both as SLIP and PPP.
However, they must be configured to run in one mode or the other.
There is no present method to determine, based upon the protocol
passed at the time of a connection, which combination of SLIP
protocols or PPP is being requested.
2.12. Q: Which is better? PPP or SLIP?
A: IT DEPENDS UPON MANY FACTORS. The people who post this type of
question have usually not read the Net-2-HOWTO document.
A good technical discussion is available at Morning Star's www server,
www.morningstar.com.
2.13. Q: Which is better? CHAP or PAP authentication?
A: If you have the choice, use CHAP. Failing that, PAP is better than
nothing.
2.14. you have a sample? Q: What goes into the /etc/ppp/pap-secrets
file? Do
A: The pap protocol is most often implemented as your user name and
password. You need to include the name of the remote system, your
account name, and the password. If the user on abbot wishes to call
costello, the entry would be similar to the following.
#remote account password IP address list
* abbot firstbase
2.15. you have a sample? Q: What goes into the /etc/ppp/chap-secrets
file? Do
A: The most common problem is that people don't recognize that CHAP
deals with a pair of secrets. Both computers involved in the link
must have both secrets to work.
For example, if abbot wants to talk to costello, then abbot's file
would have:
#local remote secret IP address list
abbot costello firstbase
costello abbot who
And costello's file would have:
#local remote secret IP address list
abbot costello firstbase
costello abbot who
2.16. includes the ppp.c driver. My kernel is 1.1.8. Now what? Q: I
get compile errors when I try to compile the kernel and it
A: Did you edit the ppp.c file to reflect the settings for the kernel
that you are using? There are two defines which must be set correctly
if you are going to compile the code for PPP.
._____________________.__________________._________________________.
| | | |
| kernel version | NET02D | NEW_TTY_DRIVERS |
|_____________________|__________________|_________________________|
| | |
| < 1.0.0 | UPGRADE!!! |
|_____________________|__________________._________________________|
| 1.0.0 - 1.0.* | defined | undefined |
| 1.1.0 - 1.1.3 | defined | undefined |
| 1.1.4 - 1.1.12 | undefined | undefined |
|_____________________|__________________|_________________________|
| | |
| 1.1.13 | UPGRADE!!! |
|_____________________|__________________._________________________|
| | | |
| 1.1.14 - ... NOTE | undefined | defined |
|_____________________|__________________|_________________________|
The third define near the top of the file is called
OPTIMIZE_FLAG_TIME. This may or may not be set with any version of
the kernel which supports PPP.
Additional information is in the ppp.c file.
NOTE: For kernels from 1.1.14, do not replace the ppp.c file in the
drivers/net directory nor the ppp.h file in the /usr/include/linux
directory. The drivers and the include file are the proper values for
your kernel.
So, from the above list, you will find that 1.1.8 kernel will need
NET02D and NEW_TTY_DRIVERS both undefined. Likewise, the 1.1.18
kernel will already have things configured for it. Do nothing
special.
2.17. directory'? Q: What does it mean `unable to create pid file:
no such file or
A: You need to create the directory /var/run. On earlier Slackware
distributions, this was a symbolic link to the /etc directory.
This is a warning. The ppp software will work normally in spite of
this message. However, the ppp-off script depends upon this file. It
is a good idea to create the directory or make the link to the
appropriate location.
The posix header, paths.h, defines the location for the pid file under
the name "_VAR_RUN". If you wish to use a different directory for PPP
and others, change the value for this define and rebuild the software.
2.18. directory'? Q: What does it mean `/etc/ppp/options: no such
file or
A: You need to create the directory /etc/ppp and have a file called
'options' in that directory. It needs to be readable by the pppd
process (root).
The file may be empty. To make an empty file use the `touch' command.
See the pppd man page for a description of this file.
2.19. ppp' it says that ``ppp mode is not supported.'' Are there
plans to use dip with PPP? Q: The dip program refers to ppp. When I
try to use `mode
A: The dip program controls the establishment of the SLIP link. Since
the pppd process must do things at different times than the
corresponding SLIP link, it is doubtful that there will be a marriage
of pppd and dip.
The dip program may be used to dial the telephone and start the ppp
software on the remote system. It is best used in this mode as the
parameter to the `connect' option.
2.20. PPP? Q: How do I stop the PPP software? Is there a `dip -k'
for
A: No. There is no `dip -k'.
In the chat directory, there is a `ppp-off' script. This will stop
the ppp link in the same manner as the 'dip -k'.
I have included it below. (Cut it out. Store it in its own file.
Make the file executable with chmod.)
______________________________________________________________________
#!/bin/sh
DEVICE=ppp0
#
# If the ppp0 pid file is present then the program is running. Stop it.
if [ -r /var/run/$DEVICE.pid ]; then
kill -INT `cat /var/run/$DEVICE.pid`
#
# If the kill did not work then there is no process running for this
# pid. It may also mean that the lock file will be left. You may wish
# to delete the lock file at the same time.
if [! "$?" = "0" ]; then
rm -f /var/run/$DEVICE.pid
echo 'ERROR: Removed stale pid file'
exit 1
fi
#
# Success. Let pppd clean up its own junk.
echo 'PPP link to $DEVICE terminated.'
exit 0
fi
#
# The ppp process is not running for ppp0
echo 'ERROR: PPP link is not active on $DEVICE'
exit 1
______________________________________________________________________
2.21. disconnects. I usually have to stop it so that uugetty will
work again. What's wrong? Q: The pppd process does not seem to termi-
nate when the modem
A: There are several reasons for this.
o Did you use the pppd `modem' parameter? This parameter controls
whether or not the pppd process is to control and honor the signals
reflecting the modem status. This parameter is explained in the
man page for pppd.
o Do you have the modem presenting the DCD signal? The Hayes
sequence for this is usually "&C1". If you reset the modem during
the connection sequence with "ATZ" then ensure that your modem is
still honoring the DTR signal. The Hayes sequence for this is
usually "&D1" or "&D2" with "&D2" being the preferred setting for
PPP. Many manufacturers will ignore the DTR condition in their
`factory defaults' setting.
o Did you use a cheap cable which does not pass the DCD signal?
Macintosh `classic' cables are notorious for this problem. That
Macintosh does not use this signal.
2.22. Q: Why can't I run pppd if I am not the root user?
A: The pppd process needs to make changes to the networking system and
this can only be done if you are the root user. If you wish to run
pppd from other than the root user then the pppd program needs to be
secured 'suid to root'.
chown root pppd
chmod 4755 pppd
If you wish to control the pppd access to a select group of people,
then make the pppd process owned by the group and do not permit all
others to run the program.
2.23. 3 minutes and then the route just goes away. Help! Q: My route
to the remote keeps disappearing! It last for about
A: This is not a question for PPP.
DON'T RUN routed!
2.24. Q: I can reach the remote server, but I can not get anywhere
else.
A: Did you forget the `defaultroute' parameter to pppd? This parameter
adds a default route into your routing system so that frames to all
other IP addresses will be sent to the PPP device.
The PPP software will not replace the default route if you have one
already set when you run pppd. This is done to prevent people from
destroying their default route to the ethernet routers by accident. A
warning message is written to the system log if the defaultroute
parameter is not performed for this reason.
2.25. what? Q: I have a default route and I still can't get anywhere
else! Now
A: The problem then is not with the local Linux system. It most
likely is routing problem on the remote end.
The remote computers need a route back to you just as you need a route
to them. This may be accomplished by one of four methods. Each has
advantages and limitations. You need to do one and only one of these.
o Use a host route. At each host on the remote system, add a host
route to your Linux IP address with the gateway being the terminal
server that you use for your local access. This will work if you
have a small number of host systems and a simple network without
bridges, routers, gateways, etc.
o Use a network route. Subdivide the remote IP addresses so that
your local Linux IP address and the remote terminal server address
and the remote terminal server's ethernet address is on the same IP
domain. This will work if you have the IP addresses to spare. It
will work very well if you have a Class-B IP domain and can afford
to put the all of the remote addresses on the same IP domain. Then
add a network route on each of the gateways and routers so that any
address of the remote network is sent to the terminal server. Most
configurations have many hosts but few routers. (At sii.com, we
have over 300 active host systems with only 3 routers.)
o Use gated on all of the gateways and on the terminal server. This
will cause the terminal server to broadcast to the gateways that it
can accept the frames for your IP address. Since the hosts will
have a default route to one of the gateways, the gateways will
generate the ICMP re-direct frame and the specific host will
automatically add its host route.
o Use proxy ARP on the terminal server. This will only work if your
Linux IP address matches the one of the IP domains of the network
cards.
There is no clear solution. You must choose one of these.
Another possibility may be that the remote system is not configured
for `IP forwarding'. It is an RFC requirement that this option NOT be
enabled by default. You must enable the option. For Linux systems,
you will need to build the kernel and specify that you want IP
forwarding/gatewaying.
2.26. number is always NAKed. The system will not connect. Q: I
keep getting the message to the effect that the magic
A: There is a one in over four billion chance that the two systems
have chosen the same magic number. If you get a continual failure
about the magic number, the chances that this is a fluke will
geometrically reduce.
The two most common reasons for this failure are:
o The modem has disconnected immediately upon making the connection
and logging you on to the remote. Most modems are configured to
echo the data sent to them and you are seeing the local echo from
the modem.
o The remote ppp software is not running when you think it is. Is
the remote system configured to run PPP? Is the ppp process in the
expected location? Is the privileges suitable so that you may run
it?
This would indicate that the shell is doing the local echo of the
data.
In either case, the Linux system is sending data to the remote which
is being fed immediately back into the serial receiver. This is not
an acceptable condition. You have what is called a "loop".
2.27. terminates with a message "Could not determine local IP
address". Q: I am trying to connect to a Telebit Netblazer and it
A: The Netblazer does not have your IP address. You do not have your
IP address. The link will not work unless both IP addresses are
known.
You must have been given a piece of paper with both IP addresses
written upon it. You must tell the Netblazer the IP addresses to be
used. Use the local IP address and the remote IP address as a
parameter to the pppd process.
Use the pppd option format of:
local_ip:remote_ip
(That is the local IP address, a colon, and the remote IP address.)
2.28. a message "Could not determine remote IP address". Q: I am
trying to connect to a Telebit Netblazer and it terminates with
A: See the previous question.
2.29. Q: I can not ping my local IP address
A: You are not able to do this because you don't have a route to the
address. This is the normal operating environment. Don't try to ping
the local IP address.
If you wish to ping your own system then use the loopback address of
127.0.0.1.
You may be able to ping the remote address. However, some terminal
servers may not allow this as the address may be 'phoney' to them. It
depends upon their environment.
In general, don't try to ping either address. Choose a third address
which is well known to be available on the remote network such as the
nameserver IP address.
2.30. server? Q: Can I use the same local IP address for all of the
lines of my PPP
A: Yes. The local address is not significant to the local system. You
must have a unique remote IP address. The routing is performed based
upon the remote IP address and not the local IP address.
2.31. receiving a "protocol reject for protocol fffb". What is this?
Q: I am using a Xyplex terminal server and pppd complains about
A: The Xyplex terminal server does not like a slot number greater than
two. Use the option "vj-max-slots 3" to limit the number of slots to
three. (The slots start zero. This will limit the maximum slot number
to the safe value of two.) Alternately, you can disable the Van
Jacobson header compression with the option "-vj".
2.32. connection simply terminates. Why is this happening? Q: I am
using a Trumpet (for MSDOS) and the
A: Trumpet does not like any VJ header compression. Use the pppd
option "-vj" to turn it off.
2.33. system will not allow me to use anything but ping, or nslookup.
Why is this happening? Q: I am using dp-3.1.2 (with SunOS) and the
A: There is a bug in the 3.1.2 version of dp. Please get the 3.1.2a or
later file from the dp ftp home site harbor.ecn.purdue.ecu. Until you
can put the patch into dp, disable the vj header compression.
2.34. operation. They will work correctly if I `get' a file. Why? Q:
The ftp transfers seems to die when I do a `put'
A: Do you have the flow control enabled? Flow control is set by the
pppd option crtscts for RTS/CTS and xonxoff for XON/XOFF. If you
don't enable the flow control then you will probably overrun the
modem's buffers and this will prove to be disastrous with vj header
compression.
2.35. Q: How do I use XON/XOFF for flow control?
A: The better flow control is CTS/RTS. However, if you can not do the
hardware flow control with the signals CTS and RTS, then use XON/XOFF.
The following three steps need to be performed.
o You need to specify the pppd option xonxoff. This tells the pppd
process to configure the serial device for XON/XOFF flow control
and to load the two characters into the tty driver.
o You need to specify the XON and XOFF characters in the pppd
parameter asyncmap. This tells the remote system that is should
quote the XON and XOFF characters when it wishes to send them to
you. It is normally specified as the pppd parameter `asyncmap
a0000'.
o Of course, don't forget to tell the modem to use XON/XOFF flow
control. My ZyXEL modem uses a sequence `&R1&H4' to do this.
2.36. use minicom, the modem will always use 14400. However, PPP is
using 9600 or 7200 or even 2400. How do I fix this? Q: The modem
seems to always connect at a strange rate. When I
A: Put the desired rate as an option to the pppd process. If you
don't put the rate, then pppd process will use whatever rate is set
currently at the time. Not all programs will restore all of the
parameters to the previous settings properly upon exit. This may lead
to strange rates configured for the serial device.
2.37. Q: The log shows "Alarm". Is this an urgent message?
A: No. It means that a timer has expired and timers are a necessary
part of the protocol establishment phase.
2.38. What is this? Q: The log shows "protocol reject for protocol
c025".
A: The remote wishes to exchange Link Quality Reporting protocol with
the Linux system. This protocol is presently not supported. This is
not an error. It is merely saying that it has told the remote that "I
can't do this now. Don't bother me with this!"
The Morning Star PPP package will always try to do LQR protocol. This
is normal.
2.39. initialization sequence. The device never goes 'UP'. It just
sends message after message and then finally disconnects. Now what?
Q: The PPP software connects but it never seems to complete the
A: Examine the system log when you use the "debug" option. (You will
need the system log data anyway if you are going to ask for help.) If
the trace shows that it is sending the LCP-request frame over and over
again and the id number is not incrementing then you are not
exchanging frames with the remote PPP software.
Three common reasons for this are:
o You don't have the ppp software running on the other end. You are
sending the PPP frames to some other program which is probably
saying "What is this #$%^ ?"
Please make sure that you have the ppp software started on the
other end before you enter the ppp protocol sequence. Try to use a
normal modem program and go through the logon sequence that you
would normally do. Do you see the ppp frames being sent to you?
The ppp frames are fairly distinctive. They will be about 16
characters in length and contain several { characters. They should
not have a carriage return character after them and are sent out in
a burst with a pause between the bursts.
o The line is not "eight bit clean". This means that you need to
have eight data bits, no parity, and one stop bit. The PPP link
absolutely requires eight data bits.
The pppd software will automatically put the line into eight data
bits, no parity, and one stop bit. The remote must match this
configuration or framing and parity errors may occur.
PPP will escape characters. It is not possible for it to escape
bits as kermit does. PPP will not work with a seven bit
communications link.
o The remote is configured to require authentication such as PAP or
CHAP. You have not configured the local system to use this
feature. Therefore, the remote is discarding all of your frames
until it sees a valid authenticiation frame from you. Since you
are not configured to generate the frames, the IPCP frames which
you send are being ignored.
In this case, either configure the remote to not expect
authentication or configure the local system to do authenticiation
and supply the proper secrets.
2.40. Q: The connection fails with an ioctl(TIOCSCTTY) error.
A: Use the ppp-2.1.2b.tar.gz package. This was a bug which was not
caught before the `a' package was released.
2.41. 1.0 series kernel to find the hardware address. Now what? Q:
I am trying to use proxyarp. The proxyarp function fails with the
A: Use the ppp-2.1.2b.tar.gz package. The pppd process was
erroneously compiled with the 1.1.8 kernel and it used Net-3 rather
than Net-2 definitions.
2.42. package and it says that it needs the 4.6 version of the
libraries! Now what? Q: Ok, #%@& ! I did get the ppp-2.1.2b
A: Sorry, I goofed. You will have to forego the binaries and re-
compile the code yourself. It is easy. Go to the pppd directory,
delete the bad binary, and issue the command `make'. Go to the chat
directory and do the same if you want a corrected chat program.
It turns out that when I compiled the ppp-2.1.2b package, while I used
the proper definitions, I used the 4.6 libraries. One of these days,
Al may finally get his act together . . . .
Or, you can get binaries from the Slackware 2.0.2 (or later) package.
They are in the ppp.tgz file in the `n' series of disks.
Please use the source in the ppp-2.1.2b to compile the code. The
source has been corrected over the `a' package.
2.43. error" or "ioctl(PPPIOCSINPSIG): I/O error". What now? Q: The
connection fails with errors "ioctl(TIOCGETD): I/O
A: Look at the boot messages when you boot the kernel. If it says
"PPP version 0.1.2" then you have an old version of the ppp.c driver.
If it says "PPP version 0.2.7" then you have the current driver,
however, it was not built with the same set of defines for the ioctl
numbers. Ensure that you have only one file called "ppp.h". It
should be located in the kernel's include/linux directory. Once you
have done this, rebuild the kernel and the pppd process.
2.44. "ioctl(TIOCSETD): I/O error" and "ioctl(TIOCNXCL): I/O error"
occur. Why? Q: Sometimes the messages "ioctl(PPPIOCGDEBUG): I/O
error",
A: The remote system has disconnected the telephone. The tty drivers
will re-establish the proper tty discipline and these errors are the
result of the pppd process trying to do the same thing. These are to
be expected.
2.45. Q: I am trying to use the merit network. Why does this not
connect?
A: Some users of the merit network have indicated that it needs PAP.
Did you try PAP authentication?
2.46. following. It may report the ppp device as "unknown" and show
a strange hardware address. Is this important? Q: My ifconfig says
something other than the
ppp0 Link encap Point-to-Point Protocol
inet addr 192.76.32.2 P-t-P 129.67.1.165 Mask 255.255.255.0
A: No. The information is for display purposes only. If you are using
a recent 1.1 kernel then update the nettools package with the current
one on sunacm.swan.ac.uk in the directory
/pub/Linux/networking/nettools.
2.47. ifconfig and route and it still won't work! What am I doing
wrong? It says to do this in the Net-2-HOWTO. Q: My system will not
work. I use slattach and
A: Do not use slattach and ifconfig with PPP. These are used for
SLIP. The pppd process does these functions at the appropriate time.
These must occur after the LCP and IPCP protocols have been exchanged.
You can not replace pppd with slattach and ifconfig. Most of the
protocol support for PPP is in the pppd process. Only the IP (and IPX
when it is completed) processing is in the kernel.
The host route to the remote system will be automatically added by
pppd. There is no option to NOT add the route. The pppd process will
terminate if the route could not be added.
The default route may or may not be added. This is controlled by the
option `defaultroute'. If you have a default route, it will not be
changed.
If you must do routing for an entire network, then put the route
command into the /etc/ppp/ip-up script. The parameters to the script
are:
$0 - name of the script (/etc/ppp/ip-up or /etc/ppp/ip-down)
$1 - name of the network device (such as ppp0)
$2 - name of the tty device (such as /dev/cua0)
$3 - speed of the tty device in Bits Per Second (such as 38400)
$4 - the local IP address in dotted decimal notation
$5 - the remote IP address in dotted decimal notation
2.48. network and not the route to the host. How is that accom-
plished? Q: Ok. Now I have the parameters. However, I want the
route to the
A: On sunsite there is a package called devinfo.tar.gz. It contains
some useful little programs which will extract the data from the
device and to do various things with the dotted IP addresses.
The documentation is in the man pages in the file.
For example, if you want to route the entire IP domain to the remote,
the following may be used in /etc/ppp/ip-up.
Of course, if the values are not variable, then simply use the
appropriate entry in the route command.
______________________________________________________________________
# Obtain the netmask for the ppp0 (or whatever) device
NETMASK = `devinfo -d $1 -t mask`
# Obtain the IP domain (without the host address by removing the extra bits)
DOMAIN = `netmath -a $5 $NETMASK`
# Do the network route now that the IP domain is known
route -net add $DOMAIN gw $5
______________________________________________________________________
2.49. an absolute must for me! Q: When are you going to support
`demand dial'? It is
A: Use the diald package. This is on sunsite in the same directory as
the ppp source, /pub/Linux/system/Network/serial.
2.50. Q: How about filtering? When are you going to do that?
A: There are no plans to put filtering into the PPP code. Run the
ipfirewall code. It is on sunsite. Help the author debug that code.
It will do the filtering that you want in a general solution.
The latest development kernels will include the patches to support
filtering. Again, filtering is a network issue and not one
specifically for PPP.
2.51. Q: How about IPX?
A: The addition of support for IPX is fairly straight forward. I
started to work on it for someone who asked me over IRC. I must read
more of the Novell manuals to understand what the proper values are
for the routing functions that IPXCP needs. (IPXCP is the control
protocol for IPX.)
2.52. Q: How about NETBIOS?
A: There is a netbios PPP protocol. However, your better solution
would be to use TCP/IP and the `samba' code.
Microsoft and others have used Netbios PPP protocol. This is usually
a proprietary mixture and one vendor is not guaranteed to work with
another.
I'll leave the Netbios protocols for someone else.
2.53. documentation and it was empty? Why? Q: I just looked at the
/proc/net/dev file mentioned in the
A: Did you just issue the command "ls -l /proc/net" and are wondering
why the size is zero? If so, this is normal. Instead, issue the
command:
cat /proc/net/dev
You should not find the file empty. The size is always shown as zero,
but that is the 'proc' file system. Don't believe the size. Do the
command.
2.54. using Microsoft's PPP. Why not? Q: I can not connect to/with
my Windows NT code (a.k.a. 'Daytona')
The Microsoft PPP is sending an authentication type of 0xC207. Normal
PAP is 0xC203.
A: Microsoft has chosen to support a non-standard authentication
protocol with Windows NT. That is their right to do so provided that
they have registered the protocol number with the IANA. (They have.)
If the ``accept only Microsoft encrypted authentication'' check box is
set in the phone book entry, the connection will not complete. This
setting mandates that the Daytona system only exchange PPP
authentication with another Microsoft PPP implementation.
Linux does not support this authentication protocol.
If you have the option of changing the settings on the Daytona system
then go to the Daytona Phone Book settings, advanced, security
settings and choose either ``Accept any authentication including clear
text'' to allow execution without authentication, or ``Use clear text
terminal login only'' for PAP authentication, or ``Accept only
encrypted authentication'' to allow CHAP authentication.
The Microsoft authentication sequence is a PAP style authentication
with their encryption algorithm for the passwords. Normal PAP sends
the passwords in clear text. This would violate their C2 security
goals.
2.55. Q: Do you have a PPP compatible mail reader? How about a news
reader?
A: Huh? You have the wrong group if you want MSDOS. PPP has nothing
to do with the mail user agent. All of the mail agents are compatible
with PPP.